Wavefield simulation and reverse time migration for acoustic TTI media

Abstract

Seismic imaging necessitates precisely separating P and S waves to mitigate undesirable crosstalk between them. Failure to properly handle this crosstalk can lead to distorted or misinterpreted images. In an elastic anisotropic medium, the polarization of a P wave is not necessarily parallel to its propagating direction, making the separation of P and S waves more difficult than in the case of an elastic isotropic medium. A pure acoustic transversely isotropic (TI) wave equation involves a mixed-domain problem. This usually means the space dependencies and wavenumbers are coupled in the wavefield extrapolator. An efficient solution to the wavefield requires a separation between the space dependencies and wavenumbers in the extrapolator. There are two primary approaches: (1) an analytical separation of the mixed-domain term; and (2) a numerical solution to the mixed-domain term, such as low-rank and Poynting vector methods. In this study, the acoustic approximation is derived by setting the S-wave phase velocity to zero in all phase directions. An analytical separation is developed in this study by employing a Taylor series to linearize the anellipticity term, thereby decoupling the space-dependent and wavenumber-dependent variables within the wavefield extrapolator. The kinematics analysis demonstrates that our method has competitive phase velocity accuracy compared with existing methods. Moreover, the corresponding TI acoustic wave equation can be efficiently solved by the hybrid finite-difference/pseudospectral method. In a 2D case, it only requires one fast Fourier transform, two inverse Fourier transforms, and a few additional spatial differentiations at each time step. Remarkably, our wavefield solution remains independent of the wavefield heterogeneity (as observed in the low-rank approach) and is immune to wavefield interference (as encountered in the Poynting vector method). The developed acoustic approximation ensures the absence of any S-wave artifacts with relatively cheap computation. Numerical examples indicate our acoustic tilted transversely isotropic wave equation is reliable for accurate wavefield modeling and reverse time migration.