Emergent behaviors of Lohe Hermitian sphere particles under time-delayed interactions

Abstract

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We study emergent behaviors of the Lohe Hermitian sphere(LHS) model with a time-delay for a homogeneous and heterogeneous ensemble. The LHS model is a complex counterpart of the Lohe sphere(LS) aggregation model on the unit sphere in Euclidean space, and it describes the aggregation of particles on the unit Hermitian sphere in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \mathbb C^d $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> with <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ d \geq 2 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. Recently it has been introduced by two authors of this work as a special case of the Lohe tensor model. When the coupling gain pair satisfies a specific linear relation, namely the Stuart-Landau(SL) coupling gain pair, it can be embedded into the LS model on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ \mathbb R^{2d} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. In this work, we show that if the coupling gain pair is close to the SL coupling pair case, the dynamics of the LHS model exhibits an emergent aggregate phenomenon via the interplay between time-delayed interactions and nonlinear coupling between states. For this, we present several frameworks for complete aggregation and practical aggregation in terms of initial data and system parameters using the Lyapunov functional approach.</p>