Applications in Biomedicine and Fabrication Using Plasma and Nanomaterials

Abstract

A comprehensive analysis of the individual plasma characteristics and the physical processes involved in the organization of nanoscale solid-state systems throughout a wide spectrum of elemental composition, structural configuration, and dimensionality is presented here. As a result of these phenomena, it may be possible to localize and regulate matter and energy at the nanoscale and to create self-organized nanosolids with exceptional and unique properties. The introduction of a unified conceptual framework that is based on the regulation of the creation, transport, and self-organization of precursor species is followed by the explanation of a number of plasma-specific nonequilibrium and kinetics-driven phenomena that occur over a wide range of temporal and geographical scales. When the plasma is brought down to dimensions of micrometers and nanometers, new emergent phenomena come into play. Examples include chirality-controlled single-walled carbon nanotubes, semiconducting quantum dots and nanowires, ultra-fine manipulation of graphenes, nanodiamonds, and organic matter, as well as nanoplasma effects and nanoplasmas of various states of matter. Over the last several years, there has been intense research into the use of plasma medicine. Due to the vast range of cancer cell selectivity, treating every form of cancer is still a challenging endeavor for medical professionals. Plasma jets and dielectric barrier discharges are two examples of the many varieties of nonthermal plasma devices that have been developed as a result of research in more sophisticated forms of plasma physics. When nonthermal plasma is brought into contact with biological material, a great number of charged particles and reactive species are produced. The primary components consist of plasma ultra-violets, reactive nitrogen species, and reactive oxygen species. These species may be employed alone or in combination with nanomaterials in a variety of biomedical applications that aim to improve human health. They may also be used in the synthesis of nanomaterials with physiological significance. Several different biomedical applications are described in relation to the synergy that may be achieved between plasma and nanomaterials in this study, along with new developments in plasma-based synthesis of physiologically relevant nanomaterials.