Self-supported TiO2@P nanotube arrays as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received widespread attention because of their scalability, low cost, and environmental advantages. Whereas, the low capacity and disappointing cycle capability of anode materials are unavoidable challenges, and high-capacity electrodes are accompanied by large volume expansion and cycle decay. Herein, self-supported TiO2 nanotube array nanocomposites are rationally designed by combining the stability of TiO2 and the high capacity of [Formula: see text]. The unique nanotube structure can effectively limit the expansion of phosphorus so that this anode has excellent reversibility and cycling. It affords a reversible capacity of 0.214 mAh cm[Formula: see text] at 0.08 mA cm[Formula: see text], a rate capability of 0.146 mAh cm[Formula: see text] at 1.6 mA cm[Formula: see text], and a stable cycling up to 5000 cycles.