1. Department of Mathematics, Risk Management Institute, and Suzhou Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076;
2. Oxford-Nie Financial Big Data Laboratory, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom;
3. Department of Finance, Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
4. Center for Financial Engineering, Math Center for Interdiscipline Research, and School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P.R. China