Availability, market share and price of quality assured artemisinin-based combination therapies in private drug outlets after over a decade of Copayment mechanism in Uganda

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundMalaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity, and mortality in Uganda. A large proportion of malaria symptomatic patients seek healthcare in the private sector. However, availability and affordability are major barriers to access to effective treatment. The private sector copayment mechanism in Uganda aims to increase availability and affordability of antimalarial agents. Our study assessed the availability, price, and market share of quality assured artemisinin-based combination therapies (QAACTs) in private drug outlets after over a decade of copayment mechanism in the private sector in Uganda.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey of anti-malarial agents in private drug outlets in high (Tororo, and Apac districts) and low (Kabale and Mbarara districts) malaria transmission settings. Following the World Health Organization Health Action International (WHO/HAI) criteria, an audit of the antimalarial agents was done using a checklist to determine availability, price, and market share of QAACTs. Data was entered in Epi-data and analyzed in STATAver14.0 at 95% confidence level.ResultsA total of twenty-eight (28) private drug outlets (pharmacies and drug shops) were included in the survey. One in seven Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in the drug outlets were quality assured (QAACTs). Artemether-lumefantrine (AL), 8.9% (11/124) and Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AQ), 7.3% (9/124) were the only QAACTs present in the drug outlets at the time of the survey. The majority, 86.1%% (124/144) of antimalarial agents present in stock in the drug outlets were artemisinin based. The most common, 38.9% (56/144) ACT in the drug outlets was Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP). Most, 69.4% (100/144) of the antimalarial agents were in high malaria transmission settings. The cost of ACT antimalarial agents is high in the country, USD 1.4 (Artemether-Lumefantrine, AL), USD 2.4 (Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine, DP), the first line and second-line agents respectively for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. There was a statistically significant difference between the dispensing price of the ‘Green leaf’ ACTs and the recommended price (p<0.001).ConclusionQuality assured artemisinin-based combination therapies (QAACTs) are not common in private drug outlets in low and high malaria transmission settings. All the drug outlets had at least one ACT antimalarial agent present on the day of the survey. The dispensing price of QAACTs was significantly higher than the recommended markup price. There is need for awareness creation, surveillance, and monitoring of the implementation of Copayment mechanism in the country.