FeLIX is a restriction factor for mammalian retrovirus infection

Abstract

ABSTRACTEndogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancestral viral infections. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous and endogenous retrovirus in domestic cats. It is classified into several subgroups (A, B, C, D, E, and T) based on viral receptor interference properties or receptor usage. ERV-derived molecules benefit animals, conferring resistance to infectious diseases. However, the soluble protein encoded by the defective envelope (env) gene of endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) functions as a co-factor in FeLV subgroup T infections. Thus, whether the gene emerged to facilitate viral infection is unclear. Based on the properties of ERV-derived molecules, we hypothesized that the defectiveenvgenes possess antiviral activity that would be advantageous to the host because FeLV subgroup B (FeLV-B), a recombinant virus derived from enFeLVenv, is restricted to viral transmission among domestic cats. When soluble truncated Env proteins from enFeLV were tested for their inhibitory effects against enFeLV and FeLV- B, they inhibited viral infection. Notably, this antiviral machinery was extended to infection with the Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Koala retrovirus-A, and Hervey pteropid gammaretrovirus. Although these viruses used feline phosphate transporter1 (fePit1) or fePit1 and phosphate transporter2 (fePit2) as receptors, the inhibitory mechanism involved competitive receptor binding in a fePit1-dependent manner. The shift of receptor usage may have occurred to avoid the inhibitory effect. Overall, these findings highlight the possible emergence of soluble truncated Env proteins from enFeLV as a restriction factor against retroviral infection, and might help in the control of retroviral spread for host immunity and antiviral defense.ImportanceRetroviruses are unique in using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA genomes into DNA, infecting germ cells, and transmitting to offspring. A large amount of ancient retroviral sequences are known as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Soluble Env protein derived from ERVs have been identified to function as a co-factor that assists in FeLV-T infection. However, herein, we show that the soluble Env protein exhibits antiviral activity and provides resistance to mammalian retrovirus infection through competitive receptor binding. In particular, this finding may explain why FeLV-B transmission is not observed among domestic cats. ERV-derived molecules can benefit animals in an evolutionary arm race, highlighting the double-edged sword nature of ERVs.