Lipid droplet and peroxisome biogenesis occur at the same ER subdomains

Abstract

Nascent lipid droplet (LD) formation occurs in the ER membrane1-4. It is not known whether LD biogenesis occurs stochastically in the ER or at subdomains with unique protein and lipid composition. We previously identified ER subdomains in S. cerevisiae that contain Pex30, a reticulon-like ER-resident membrane protein5. There are ~25 Pex30-containing puncta in the ER per cell. These sites are regions where preperoxisomal vesicles (PPVs) are generated5. Here we show that Pex30 subdomains are also the location where most nascent LDs form. Mature LDs remain associated with Pex30 subdomains and the same Pex30 subdomain can simultaneously associate with a LD and a PPV. Pex30 subdomains become highly enriched in diacylglycerol (DAG) during LD biogenesis, indicating they have a unique lipid composition. We find that in higher eukaryotes multiple C2 domain containing transmembrane protein (MCTP2) is the functional homologue of Pex30; MCTP2 resides in ER subdomains where most nascent LD biogenesis occurs and that are often associated with peroxisomes. Together, these findings indicate that most LDs and PPVs form and remain associated with conserved ER subdomains and suggest a link between LD and peroxisome biogenesis.