MCHelper automatically curates transposable element libraries across species

Abstract

AbstractThe number of species with high quality genome sequences continues to increase, in part due to scaling up of multiple large scale biodiversity sequencing projects. While the need to annotate genic sequences in these genomes is widely acknowledged, the parallel need to annotate transposable element sequences that have been shown to alter genome architecture, rewire gene regulatory networks, and contribute to the evolution of host traits is becoming ever more evident. However, accurate genome-wide annotation of transposable element sequences is still technically challenging. Several de novo transposable element identification tools are now available, but manual curation of the libraries produced by these tools is needed to generate high quality genome annotations. Manual curation is time-consuming, and thus impractical for large-scale genomic studies, and lacks reproducibility. In this work, we present the Manual Curator Helper tool MCHelper, which automates the TE library curation process. By leveraging MCHelper’s fully automated mode with the outputs from two de novo transposable element identification tools, RepeatModeler2 and REPET, in fruit fly, rice, and zebrafish, we show a substantial improvement in the quality of the transposable element libraries and genome annotations. MCHelper libraries are less redundant, with up to 54% reduction in the number of consensus sequences, have up to 11.4% fewer false positive sequences, and also have up to ∼45% fewer “unclassified/unknown” transposable element consensus sequences. Genome-wide transposable element annotations were also improved, including larger unfragmented insertions. MCHelper is a fast, easy to install, and easy to use tool and is available athttps://github.com/GonzalezLab/MCHelper.Significant statementThe number and quality of genome sequences available is rapidly increasing across the tree of life. Transposable elements, DNA fragments with the ability to move within the genome often generating copies of themselves in the process, constitute significant proportions of the total genome content across species. Although transposable elements are a major source of genome variation, they are often ignored as it is still challenging to accurately annotate them. We have developed MCHelper, an automatic tool to curate transposable element libraries that allows for high quality, fast, and replicable transposable elements annotations.