Urinary sodium excretion is not associated with the incidence of end-stage kidney disease and kidney-related death: results from the UK Biobank

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackgroundSodium reduction lowers blood pressure and albuminuria, indicating a hypothesized but yet-to-be proven association between sodium intake and kidney-related endpoints.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the associations of 24-h urinary sodium excretion, reflecting daily sodium intake, with kidney-related outcomes.MethodsProspective cohort of 444,086 middle- to early late-aged participants from the UK Biobank. The primary outcome was a composite of incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death due to a kidney-related cause, each of which was separately examined as a secondary outcome. Death due to a non-kidney related cause prior to ESKD was considered a competing event.ResultsThe mean 24-h urinary sodium excretion estimated from spot urinary biomarkers was 3.3 g. During a median follow-up of 11.8 years, 1,256 composite events occurred. Multivariable-adjusted cause-specific hazards models showed that, with every 1-g increment in 24-h urinary sodium excretion, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.03 (0.91-1.16), 1.08 (0.88-1.32), and 1.01 (0.88-1.16) for the composite outcome, incident ESKD, and kidney-related death, respectively. Similar null results were observed when the exposure was treated as binary (<2 g/d vs. ≥2 g/d) or multicategorical (quartiles). Nonlinear associations were not detected with restricted cubic splines. The findings also held constant in prespecified sensitivity and subgroup analyses.ConclusionsEstimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion was not linearly or nonlinearly associated with the incidence of ESKD or death due to kidney-related causes. Our findings did not support the hypothesized notion that sodium intake should be reduced to prevent kidney-related endpoints at the population level.