In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages

Author:

Andruchow-Colombo Ana12ORCID,Escapa Ignacio H23,Aagesen Lone34,Matsunaga Kelly K S1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas , 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 , USA

2. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio , Avenida Fontana 140, Trelew, Chubut, 9100 , Argentina

3. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , Godoy Cruz 2290, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB , Argentina

4. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion , Labardén 200, San Isidro, B1642HYD, Buenos Aires , Argentina

Abstract

Abstract The Podocarpaceae are a morphologically diverse conifer family that have a cryptic fossil record reported since the Permian. We reviewed the fossil record of Podocarpaceae, tested the affinities of its oldest records using phylogenetic analyses, compiled macrofossil occurrence records, and investigated the diversity, distribution, and morphology of Podocarpaceae through time. We found that Permian, Triassic, and some Jurassic fossils referred to Podocarpaceae should not be placed in the family. Our total-evidence phylogenetic analyses, which sampled all major conifer lineages, recovered the Triassic Rissikia and the Jurassic Nothodacrium as stem-group conifers and the Jurassic Mataia as part of the Araucariales stem group. We further discuss the phylogenetic position of the Mesozoic enigmatic conifers Pararaucaria (Cheirolepidiaceae) and Telemachus (Voltziales), which were recovered most frequently in the conifer stem group. We conclude that the earliest reliable Podocarpaceae occurrences are from the Jurassic of both hemispheres and have scale-like leaves. Most extant genera appear in the fossil record between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Cenozoic. Many extant leaf morphologies appear in the Early Cretaceous, coeval with angiosperm diversification, consistent with the hypothesis that expanded leaves in Podocarpaceae are adaptive responses for light harvesting in angiosperm-dominated environments today.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Plant Science,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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