Genomic analysis of wolves from Pakistan clarifies boundaries among three divergent wolf lineages

Author:

Hennelly Lauren M1ORCID,Sarwar Ghulam2ORCID,Fatima Hira3,Werhahn Geraldine45,Abbas Fakhar I6,Khan Abdul M2,Mahmood Tariq7,Kachel Shannon8ORCID,Kubanychbekov Zairbek9,Waseem Muhammad T10,Naqvi Rubab Zahra11,Hamid Abdul7,Abbas Yasir12,Aisha Hamera13,Waseem Muhammad13,Farooq Muhammad7,Sacks Benjamin N114ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , United States

2. Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan

3. Department of Zoology, University of Education , Lahore , Pakistan

4. IUCN SCC Canid Specialist Group , Oxford , United Kingdom

5. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford , Tubney , United Kingdom

6. Bioresource Research Centre , Islamabad , Pakistan

7. Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, PMAS Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi , Pakistan

8. Panthera , New York, NY , United States

9. Ilbirs Foundation , Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

10. Zoological Science Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History , Islamabad , Pakistan

11. Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering , Faisalabad , Pakistan

12. Central Karakoram National Park , Skardu , Pakistan

13. World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan , Islamabad , Pakistan

14. Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, CA , United States

Abstract

Abstract Among the three main divergent lineages of gray wolf (Canis lupus), the Holarctic lineage is the most widespread and best studied, particularly in North America and Europe. Less is known about Tibetan (also called Himalayan) and Indian wolf lineages in southern Asia, especially in areas surrounding Pakistan where all three lineages are thought to meet. Given the endangered status of the Indian wolf in neighboring India and unclear southwestern boundary of the Tibetan wolf range, we conducted mitochondrial and genome-wide sequencing of wolves from Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. Sequences of the mitochondrial D-loop region of 81 wolves from Pakistan indicated contact zones between Holarctic and Indian lineages across the northern and western mountains of Pakistan. Reduced-representation genome sequencing of eight wolves indicated an east-to-west cline of Indian to Holarctic ancestry, consistent with a contact zone between these two lineages in Pakistan. The western boundary of the Tibetan lineage corresponded to the Ladakh region of India’s Himalayas with a narrow zone of admixture spanning this boundary from the Karakoram Mountains of northern Pakistan into Ladakh, India. Our results highlight the conservation significance of Pakistan’s wolf populations, especially the remaining populations in Sindh and Southern Punjab that represent the highly endangered Indian lineage.

Funder

UK Wolf Conservation Trust

University of California

Oxford-Lady Margaret Hall-Natural Motion Graduate Scholarship

National Science Foundation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Genetics (clinical),Genetics,Molecular Biology,Biotechnology

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