Tumours of the thoracic region include those arising in the trachea, different regions of the lung, the thymus, and the pleura. Lung cancer is the commonest malignancy worldwide. This chapter discusses prevention strategies and screening, presentation, and investigation of extent of disease, and the different histological types which are seen. It considers treatment of squamous cell cancers of different subtypes using conventional approaches with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and newer techniques exploiting targetable mutations of EDFR and ALK. Presentation, staging and treatment for limited and extensive small cell lung cancer are discussed well as palliation. Other sections include details of diagnosis and staging, pathology, and treatment of rarer tumour types, including bronchial carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma, and thmis cancer.