Lysine Bioavailability in School-Age Children Consuming Rice Is Reduced by Starch Retrogradation

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Rice is one of the most commonly consumed cereal grains and is part of staple diets in the majority of the world. However, it is regarded as an incomplete protein, with lysine being a limiting amino acid. Objectives Our objectives were to determine the bioavailability of lysine in school-age children consuming cooked white rice and to assess the effect of rice starch retrogradation. Methods Bioavailability or metabolic availability (MA) of lysine was determined using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method in a repeated-measures design. Six healthy school-age children (3 boys, 3 girls) with a mean ± SD age of 6.8 ± 0.98 y randomly received 4 crystalline l-lysine intakes (2, 6, 10, 14 mg · kg−1 · d−1), and 5 rice intakes to provide lysine at 8, 11, or 14 mg · kg−1 · d−1. The 14 mg · kg−1 · d−1 intakes were measured twice as warm rice and once as cold rice (to assess the impact of starch retrogradation on MA). Diets provided protein at 1.5 g · kg−1 · d−1 and calories at 1.7 times the participant's measured resting energy requirement, and were isonitrogenous. Breath samples were collected at baseline and during an isotopic steady state for 13C enrichment measurement. The MA of lysine from rice was determined by comparing the IAAO response of rice with l-lysine using the slope-ratio and single intake methods. Starch retrogradation was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry. Results MA of lysine in warm rice measured in school-age children was 97.5% and was similar to a repeated rice study (97.1%) within the same study population. MA of lysine was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 86.1% when the cooked rice was consumed cold, which corresponded to detectable starch retrogradation. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the MA of lysine from rice in school-age children. Although the bioavailability of lysine from rice is high, it can be reduced by retrogradation of its starch component. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04135040.