Ornamentation diversified faster than eco-morphology across Nearctic dragonflies

Abstract

AbstractEco-morphology and ornamentation are two phenotypic dimensions along which co-existing species often diverge, yet theory makes contrasting predictions about how these phenotypes diversify relative to each other. Some theory predicts that intense reproductive demands cause more pronounced divergence in ornamentation than in eco-morphology. Other theory predicts that preferences for condition-dependent ornamentation in species encountering divergent ecological conditions will facilitate rapid divergence in eco-morphology but not ornamentation. We evaluated these conflicting predictions in Nearctic Libelluloidea dragonflies by testing if the diversification of a condition-dependent ornament, male wing melanization, was slower and less pronounced between species than the diversification of two key eco-morphological traits, body size and relative wing size. We found that male wing melanization evolved much faster than either body size or relative wing size. Furthermore, in contrast to the patterns for either eco-morphological trait, the best-supported models of diversification in male wing melanization indicate that the majority of divergence arose between the most closely related species. These results reveal that the primary axis of divergence between closely related Libelluloidea dragonflies is ornamentation rather than eco-morphology. Our study therefore suggests that evolutionary responses to disparate reproductive demands may be fundamental to the persistence and co-existence of closely related species.