Tilted global solar irradiance in Bahrain: an experimental study

Abstract

Abstract In the present work, tilted global solar irradiance data are presented and analysed, measured for a period of 1 year on the campus of Bahrain Polytechnic, Kingdom of Bahrain, from both a fixed photovoltaic panel and a moving one via a two-axis solar tracker. The fixed panel faces south with an angle of 26° with respect to the horizontal, coinciding with the local geographical latitude. The second panel is moved by two motors, controlled by a global positioning system and suitable software so that the Sun’s rays are perpendicular to the panel surface. A pyranometer is installed on each panel, recording the tilted global solar irradiance, stored by using a data logger. The analysis of the data obtained shows a 33% solar energy gain on an annual basis for the moving panel (2780 versus 2088 kWh/m2 on the fixed panel). More importantly, in June, when the energy demand in Bahrain is elevated due to the increased residential cooling loads, the solar energy received by the moving panel is 54.7% higher compared with that of the fixed panel. On a percentage basis, the increase in solar energy from the moving panel is profound in the early morning and late evening hours. Moreover, the reduction in the solar energy received by the fixed panel from May to June does not appear in the moving panel because of the adjustable orientation of the latter. Throughout the year, the mean daily solar power varies between 0.37 and 0.56 kW/m2 for the fixed panel, and 0.45 and 0.70 kW/m2 for the moving panel. In winter, solar energy fluctuations are elevated due to erratic weather conditions that present a peak standard deviation of 28% of the corresponding mean. The data presented are useful for potential solar investments in Gulf countries.