The brain–gut axis, inflammatory bowel disease and bioelectronic medicine

Abstract

Abstract The hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is chronic intestinal inflammation with typical onset in adolescents and young adults. An abundance of neutrophils is seen in the inflammatory lesions, but adaptive immunity is also an important player in the chronicity of the disease. There is an unmet need for new treatment options since modern medicines such as biological therapy with anti-cytokine antibodies still leave a substantial number of patients with persisting disease activity. The role of the central nervous system and its interaction with the gut in the pathophysiology of IBD have been brought to attention both in animal models and in humans after the discovery of the inflammatory reflex. The suggested control of gut immunity by the brain–gut axis represents a novel therapeutic target suitable for bioelectronic intervention. In this review, we discuss the role of the inflammatory reflex in gut inflammation and the recent advances in the treatment of IBD by intervening with the brain–gut axis through bioelectronic devices.