The effect of cottonseed oil on lipids/lipoproteins: a systematic review and plasma cholesterol predictive equations estimations

Abstract

Abstract Context Cottonseed oil (CSO) is higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than many liquid plant oils. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining effects of CSO on markers of lipid metabolism and evaluate lipid and lipoprotein effects of incorporating CSO into a healthy dietary pattern using regression equations. Data Sources A systematic search was conducted for RCTs comparing CSO with a non-CSO comparator in any population. Data Analyses The Katan regression equation was used to predict lipid/lipoprotein changes when incorporating CSO into a US-style healthy eating pattern at 25 to 100% of the total oil allowance (ie, 27 g/2000 kcal) compared with average American intake (NHANES 2017 to 2020 pre-COVID pandemic). Results In total, 3 eligible publications (n = 2 trials), with 58 participants that provided 44% and 30% of total energy as CSO, were included. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; ≈ –7.7 mg/dL) and triglycerides (≈ –7.5 mg/dL) were lower after 5 days of a CSO-enriched diet vs olive oil (OO). In a 56-day trial, CSO lowered total cholesterol (TC; ≈ –14.8 mg/dL), LDL-C (≈ –14.0 mg/dL), and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≈ –14.2 mg/dL) vs OO. Postprandially, angiopoietin-like protein-3, -4, and -8 concentrations decreased with CSO and increased with OO intake. Compared with average American intake, a healthy eating pattern with 27 g of CSO was estimated to lower TC (–8.1 mg/dL) and LDL-C (–7.3 mg/dL) levels, with minimal reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–1.1 mg/dL). Compared with the healthy eating pattern, incorporating 27 g of CSO was predicted to increase TC and LDL-C levels by 2.4 mg/dL. Conclusion Limited high-quality research suggests CSO may improve lipid/lipoprotein levels compared with OO. Cholesterol predictive equations suggest CSO can be incorporated into a healthy dietary pattern without significantly affecting lipids/lipoproteins.