Femora of Women with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) Exhibit Reduced Strength and Misalignment with the Transmitted Vertical Forces from the Upper Body

Abstract

Abstract Background Women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) lack oestrogen which is a key determinant of bone growth, epiphyseal closure, and bone tissue organisation (1, 2). Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived areal bone mineral density (BMD) remains the gold standard for fracture risk evaluation, it doesn’t fully characterise the skeletal abnormalities present in these women. Hence, we aimed to assess hip/femur anatomy, strength, and geometry and femoral alignment using advanced hip analysis (AHA). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, case-control study including 89 women with spontaneous normal karyotype (s-POI) or iatrogenic (i-POI) POI, aged 20-40 years compared with 89 age- and BMI-matched population-based female controls. Hip anatomy, strength, geometrical parameters, and femur alignment were measured using hip DXA images and Lunar AHA software. Femoral orientation angle (FOA) was quantified as the overall orientation of the femur with respect to the axis of the forces transmitted from the upper body. Results The median age of POI diagnosis was 35 (18-40) years; the mean POI duration at the time of DXA was 2.07 (range 0-13) years, and 84% of POI women received oestrogen therapy. Areal BMD at all sites was significantly lower in the POI group (all p < 0.05). Indices of compressive and bending strength were lower in women with POI compared with controls, specifically the cross-sectional area (CSA mm2) and section modulus (SM mm3) [(139.30 ± 29.08 vs 157.29 ± 22.26; p < 0.001) and (665.21 ± 129.54 vs 575.53 ± 150.88; p < 0.001)], respectively. The FOA was smaller (124.99 ± 3.18) in cases as compared with controls (128.04 ± 3.80) (p < 0.001) at baseline and after adjusting for height and femoral neck BMD. Conclusion Alongside lower BMD at multiple sites, the femora of women with POI demonstrate reduced strength and a misalignment with forces transmitted from the upper body. Further research is needed to establish the role of these newly identified features and their role in fracture risk prediction in this population.