Genetic correlation between circulating cytokines and risk of three ophthalmic diseases: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Pathogenesis and the associated risk factors of cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain unclear. We aimed to investigate causal relationships between circulating cytokine levels and the development of these diseases. Patients and methods Genetic instrumental variables for circulating cytokines were derived from a genome-wide association study of 8293 European participants. Summary-level data for AMD, glaucoma, and senile cataract were obtained from the FinnGen database. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the main Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis method. The Cochran’s Q, MR-Egger regression, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test were used for sensitivity analysis. Results Based on the IVW method, MR analysis demonstrated five circulating cytokines suggestively associated with AMD (SCGF-β, 1.099 [95%CI, 1.037–1.166], P = 0.002; SCF, 1.155 [95%CI, 1.015–1.315], P = 0.029; MCP-1, 1.103 [95%CI, 1.012–1.202], P = 0.026; IL-10, 1.102 [95%CI, 1.012–1.200], P = 0.025; eotaxin, 1.086 [95%CI, 1.002–1.176], P = 0.044), five suggestively linked with glaucoma (MCP-1, 0.945 [95%CI, 0.894–0.999], P = 0.047; IL1ra, 0.886 [95%CI, 0.809–0.969], P = 0.008; IL-1β, 0.866 [95%CI, 0.762–0.983], P = 0.027; IL-9, 0.908 [95%CI, 0.841–0.980], P = 0.014; IL2ra, 1.065 [95%CI, 1.004–1.130], P = 0.035), and four suggestively associated with senile cataract (TRAIL, 1.043 [95%CI, 1.009–1.077], P = 0.011; IL-16, 1.032 [95%CI, 1.001–1.064], P = 0.046; IL1ra, 0.942 [95%CI, 0.887–0.999], P = 0.047; FGF-basic, 1.144 [95%CI, 1.052–1.244], P = 0.002). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis results supported the above associations. Conclusion This study highlights the involvement of several circulating cytokines in the development ophthalmic diseases and holds potential as viable pharmacological targets for these diseases.