A systematic review and meta-analysis of transthoracic echocardiogram vs. cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of left ventricular thrombus

Abstract

Abstract Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the most commonly used imaging modality to diagnose left ventricular thrombus (LVT), however, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) remains the gold standard investigation. A comparison of the diagnostic performance between two modalities is needed to inform guidelines on a diagnostic approach towards LVT. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the diagnostic performance of three methods of TTE (non-contrast, contrast, and apical wall motion scoring) for the detection of LVT compared to CMR as a reference test. Studies comprising 2113 patients investigated for LVT using both TTE and CMR were included in the meta-analysis. For non-contrast TTE, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 47% [95% confidence interval (CI): 32–62%], and 98% (95% CI: 96–99%), respectively. In contrast, TTE pooled sensitivity and specificity values were 58% (95% CI: 46–69%), and 98% (95% CI: 96–99%), respectively. Apical wall motion scoring on non-contrast TTE yielded a sensitivity of 100% [95% CI: 93–100%] and a specificity of 54% (95% CI: 42–65%). The area under the curve (AUC) values from our summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) for non-contrast and contrast TTE were 0.87 and 0.86 respectively, with apical wall motion studies having the highest AUC of 0.93. Despite high specificity, routine contrast and non-contrast TTE are likely to miss a significant number of LVT, making it a suboptimal screening tool. The addition of apical wall motion scoring provides a promising method to reliably identify patients requiring further investigations for LVT, whilst excluding others from unnecessary testing.