Spatial clustering of gravitational wave sources with k-nearest neighbour distributions

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present a framework to quantify the clustering of gravitational wave (GW) transient sources and measure their spatial cross-correlation with the large-scale structure (LSS) of the universe using the k-nearest neighbour (kNN) formalism. As a first application, we measure the nearest neighbour distributions of 53 suitably selected binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in the first three observation runs of LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA and cross-correlate these sources with $\sim 1.7 \times 10^7$ galaxies and quasars from the WISE$\times$ SuperCOSMOS all-sky catalogue. To determine the significance of the clustering signal while accounting for observational systematics in the GW data, we create 135 realizations of mock BBHs that are statistically similar to the observed BBHs but spatially unclustered. We find no evidence for spatial clustering or cross-correlation with LSS in the data and conclude that the present sky localization and number of detections are insufficient to get a statistically significant clustering signal. Looking forwards, the statistically large number of detections and the significant improvements in sky localizations expected from future observing runs of LIGO (including LIGO India) and the next generation of GW detectors will enable measurement of the BBH–LSS cross-correlation and open a new window into cosmology.