VLBI observations of the G25.65+1.05 water maser superburst

Author:

Burns R A123ORCID,Orosz G45ORCID,Bayandina O16ORCID,Surcis G7,Olech M8,MacLeod G910,Volvach A611,Rudnitskii G12,Hirota T2,Immer K1,Blanchard J113,Marcote B1ORCID,van Langevelde H J114,Chibueze J O1516,Sugiyama K217,Kim Kee-Tae318,Val‘tts I6,Shakhvorostova N619,Kramer B1720,Baan W A521ORCID,Brogan C22,Hunter T22,Kurtz S23,Sobolev A M19ORCID,Brand J24ORCID,Volvach L611

Affiliation:

1. Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

2. Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

3. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea

4. School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia

5. Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

6. Astro Space Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 53, Moscow 119333, Russia

7. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius, Italy

8. Centre for Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland

9. The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

10. Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 443, Krugersdorp 1740, South Africa

11. Radio Astronomy and Geodynamics Department of Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Katsively RT-22, Crimea

12. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow 119234, Russia

13. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box O, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USA

14. Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

15. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), 3rd Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands, Cape Town 7405, South Africa

16. Space Research Unit, Physics Department, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

17. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, 260 M.4, T. Donkaew, Amphur Maerim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand

18. University of Science and Technology, Korea (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea

19. Astronomical Observatory, Ural Federal University, Lenin Ave. 51, Ekaterinburg 620083, Russia

20. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

21. Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

22. NRAO, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

23. Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 3-72, Morelia 58089, Mexico

24. INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia and Italian ALMA Regional Centre, via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper reports observations of a 22 GHz water maser ‘superburst’ in the G25.65+1.05 massive star-forming region, conducted in response to an alert from the Maser Monitoring Organisation (M2O). Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations using the European VLBI Network (EVN) recorded a maser flux density of 1.2 × 104 Jy. The superburst was investipgated in the spectral, structural, and temporal domains and its cause was determined to be an increase in maser path length generated by the superposition of multiple maser emitting regions aligning in the line of sight to the observer. This conclusion was based on the location of the bursting maser in the context of the star-forming region, its complex structure, and its rapid onset and decay.

Funder

East Asian Core Observatories Association

Australian Research Council

Australian Government

CAS ‘Light of West China’ Program

National Key Research and Development of China

MEXT

JSPS

MINECO

Russian Science Foundation

Ministry of Science and High Education

Government of the Russian Federation

Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

South African Department of Science and Technology’s National Research Foundation

National Science Centre

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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