Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS

Author:

Lin Zitao1ORCID,Gan Tianjun1ORCID,Wang Sharon X1,Shporer Avi2,Rabus Markus3ORCID,Zhou George4,Psaridi Angelica5,Bouchy François5,Bieryla Allyson6,Latham David W3,Mao Shude17,Stassun Keivan G8ORCID,Hellier Coel9,Howell Steve B10,Ziegler Carl11,Caldwell Douglas A1012,Clark Catherine A1314,Collins Karen A15ORCID,Curtis Jason L16,Faherty Jacqueline K17,Gnilka Crystal L10,Grunblatt Samuel K18,Jenkins Jon M10,Johnson Marshall C19,Law Nicholas20,Lendl Monika5ORCID,Littlefield Colin1021,Lund Michael B22,Lund Mikkel N23ORCID,Mann Andrew W20,McDermott Scott24,Mishra Lokesh5,Mounzer Dany5,Paegert Martin25,Pritchard Tyler26,Ricker George R2,Seager Sara22728,Srdoc Gregor29,Sun Qinghui1,Tang Jiaxin1,Udry Stéphane5,Vanderspek Roland2,Watanabe David30,Winn Joshua N31,Yu Jie32ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China

2. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

3. Departamento de Matemática y Física Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Alonso de Rivera 2850, Concepción, Chile

4. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia

5. Observatoire de Genéve, Université de Genéve , Chemin Pegasi, 51,1290 Versoix, Switzerland

6. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

7. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China

8. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN 37235, USA

9. Astrophysics Group, Keele University , Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

10. NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

11. Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. Austin State University , 1936 North St, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA

12. SETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

13. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

14. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, IPAC, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

15. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

16. Department of Astronomy, Columbia University , 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY, USA

17. Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA

18. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

19. Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

20. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, USA

21. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

22. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 100-22,1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

23. Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

24. Proto-Logic LLC , 1718 Euclid Street NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA

25. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

26. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

27. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

28. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

29. Kotizarovci Observatory , Sarsoni 90, 51216 Viskovo, Croatia

30. Planetary Discoveries in Fredericksburg , VA 22405, USA

31. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

32. Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany

Abstract

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of three transiting low-mass companions to aged stars: a brown dwarf (TOI-2336b) and two objects near the hydrogen burning mass limit (TOI-1608b and TOI-2521b). These three systems were first identified using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). TOI-2336b has a radius of 1.05 ± 0.04 RJ, a mass of 69.9 ± 2.3 MJ and an orbital period of 7.71 d. TOI-1608b has a radius of 1.21 ± 0.06 RJ, a mass of 90.7 ± 3.7 MJ and an orbital period of 2.47 d. TOI-2521b has a radius of 1.01 ± 0.04 RJ, a mass of 77.5 ± 3.3 MJ, and an orbital period of 5.56 d. We found all these low-mass companions are inflated. We fitted a relation between radius, mass, and incident flux using the sample of known transiting brown dwarfs and low-mass M dwarfs. We found a positive correlation between the flux and the radius for brown dwarfs and for low-mass stars that is weaker than the correlation observed for giant planets. We also found that TOI-1608 and TOI-2521 are very likely to be spin-orbit synchronized, leading to the unusually rapid rotation of the primary stars considering their evolutionary stages. Our estimates indicate that both systems have much shorter spin-orbit synchronization time-scales compared to their ages. These systems provide valuable insights into the evolution of stellar systems with brown dwarf and low-mass stellar companions influenced by tidal effects.

Funder

Swiss National Science Foundation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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