MIGHTEE: deep 1.4 GHz source counts and the sky temperature contribution of star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei

Author:

Hale C L1ORCID,Whittam I H23ORCID,Jarvis M J23ORCID,Best P N1,Thomas N L45ORCID,Heywood I267ORCID,Prescott M38ORCID,Adams N29ORCID,Afonso J1011ORCID,An Fangxia128ORCID,Bowler R A A213ORCID,Collier J D141516,Cook R H W17,Davé R1318,Frank B S71419,Glowacki M820ORCID,Hatfield P W2ORCID,Kolwa S1421ORCID,Lovell C C22ORCID,Maddox N23ORCID,Marchetti L1924ORCID,Morabito L K45ORCID,Murphy E25,Prandoni I24ORCID,Randriamanakoto Z1826ORCID,Taylor A R19143

Affiliation:

1. School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, EH9 3HJ Edinburgh, UK

2. Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Robert Sobukwe Road, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa

4. Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK

5. Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics , Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

6. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , PO Box 94, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa

7. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , 2 Fir Street, Black River Park, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa

8. Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, University of the Western Cape , Robert Sobukwe Road, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa

9. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics , Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

10. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade de Lisboa , OAL, Tapada da Ajuda, PT1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal

11. Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal

12. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210023, China

13. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK

14. The Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town , Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

15. School of Science, Western Sydney University , Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia

16. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science , PO Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

17. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

18. South African Astronomical Observatories , P.O. Box 9, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa

19. Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town , Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

20. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University , Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

21. Physics Department, University of Johannesburg , 5 Kingsway Ave, Rossmore, Johannesburg, 2092, South Africa

22. Centre for Astrophysics Research, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire , College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK

23. University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany

24. INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia , Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

25. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

26. Department of Physics, University of Antananarivo , P.O. Box 906, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Abstract

Abstract We present deep 1.4 GHz source counts from ∼5 deg2 of the continuum Early Science data release of the MeerKAT International Gigahertz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration survey down to S1.4GHz ∼15 $\mu$Jy. Using observations over two extragalactic fields (COSMOS and XMM-LSS), we provide a comprehensive investigation into correcting the incompleteness of the raw source counts within the survey to understand the true underlying source count population. We use a variety of simulations that account for: errors in source detection and characterization, clustering, and variations in the assumed source model used to simulate sources within the field and characterize source count incompleteness. We present these deep source count distributions and use them to investigate the contribution of extragalactic sources to the sky background temperature at 1.4 GHz using a relatively large sky area. We then use the wealth of ancillary data covering a subset of the COSMOS field to investigate the specific contributions from both active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star-forming galaxies (SFGs) to the source counts and sky background temperature. We find, similar to previous deep studies, that we are unable to reconcile the sky temperature observed by the ARCADE 2 experiment. We show that AGN provide the majority contribution to the sky temperature contribution from radio sources, but the relative contribution of SFGs rises sharply below 1 mJy, reaching an approximate 15–25 per cent contribution to the total sky background temperature (Tb ∼100 mK) at ∼15 $\mu$Jy.

Funder

National Research Foundation

Leverhulme Trust

Science and Technology Facilities Council

ERC

Hintze Family Charitable Foundation

Australian Research Council

Medical Research Council

National Institute for Astrophysics

MAECI

ESO

National Research Council

CNRS

FIRST

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

MEXT

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

JSPS

Japan Science and Technology Agency

JST

Toray Science Foundation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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