Neutron star mergers as the dominant contributor to the production of heavy r-process elements

Abstract

ABSTRACT The discovery of the radioactively powered kilonova AT2017gfo, associated with the short-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A and the gravitational wave source GW170817, has provided the first direct evidence supporting binary neutron star mergers as crucial astrophysical sites for the synthesis of heavy elements beyond iron through r-process nucleosysthesis in the universe. However, recent identification of kilonovae following long-duration gamma-ray bursts, such as GRB 211211A and GRB 230307A, has sparked discussions about the potential of neutron star–white dwarf mergers to also produce neutron-rich ejecta and contribute to the production of heavy r-process elements. In this work, we estimate the contribution of binary neutron star mergers to the total mass of r-process elements in the Milky Way and investigate the possibility of neutron star–white dwarf mergers as alternative astrophysical sites for r-process nucleosynthesis through an analysis of the total mass of the r-process elements in the Milky Way. Our results reveal that binary neutron star mergers can sufficiently account for the Galactic heavy r-process elements, suggesting that these events are the dominant contributor to the production of heavy r-process elements in the Milky Way. Considering the total mass of r-process elements in the Milky Way and the higher occurrence rate of neutron star–white dwarf mergers, it is unlikely that such mergers can produce a significant amount of neutron-rich ejecta, with the generated mass of r-process elements being lower than $0.005\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$.