Investigating the Effects of Spacing on Working Memory Training Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled, Multisite Trial in Older Adults

Author:

Jaeggi Susanne M11,Buschkuehl Martin2,Parlett-Pelleriti Chelsea M3,Moon Seung Min1,Evans Michelle4,Kritzmacher Alexandra4,Reuter-Lorenz Patricia A4,Shah Priti4,Jonides John4

Affiliation:

1. School of Education, University of California, Irvine

2. MIND Research Institute, Irvine, California

3. Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California

4. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Abstract

Abstract Objective The majority of the population will experience some cognitive decline with age. Therefore, the development of effective interventions to mitigate age-related decline is critical for older adults’ cognitive functioning and their quality of life. Methods In our randomized controlled multisite trial, we target participants’ working memory (WM) skills, and in addition, we focus on the intervention’s optimal scheduling in order to test whether and how the distribution of training sessions might affect task learning, and ultimately, transfer. Healthy older adults completed an intervention targeting either WM or general knowledge twice per day, once per day, or once every-other-day. Before and after the intervention and 3 months after training completion, participants were tested in a variety of cognitive domains, including those representing functioning in everyday life. Results In contrast to our hypotheses, spacing seems to affect learning only minimally. We did observe some transfer effects, especially within the targeted cognitive domain (WM and inhibition/interference), which remained stable at the 3-month follow-up. Discussion Our findings have practical implications by showing that the variation in training schedule, at least within the range used here, does not seem to be a crucial element for training benefits.

Funder

National Institute on Aging

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Geriatrics and Gerontology,Gerontology,Clinical Psychology,Social Psychology

Reference50 articles.

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