Does Medical Insurance Integration Reduce Frailty Risk? Evidence From Rural Older Adults in China

Abstract

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the impacts of China’s health insurance integration reform on frailty among rural older adults. Methods Nationally representative longitudinal data with 2,751 adults aged ≥60 years were analyzed from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011–2015. The integration of the rural New Cooperative Medical Scheme and urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance into the unified Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI). Frailty Index (FI) summarizes 32 health deficits, quantifying frailty severity with a range of 0–1. Frailty is defined as FI ≥ 0.25, prefrailty as FI: 0.10–0.25, and robustness as FI < 0.10. Frailty worsening, stability, and improvement from 2011 to 2015 were assessed. Difference-in-differences and propensity score matched difference-in-differences models assessed URRBMI integration effects on frailty severity and risk (FI ≥ 0.25) among rural older adults. Results URRBMI integration significantly reduced frailty severity by 15.16% and risk by 9.60% points among rural older adults. Reductions were greatest among initially prefrail individuals, with 27.49% lower frailty severity and a 17.62% point reduction in subsequent frailty onset risk after URRBMI integration. In contrast, no significant benefits were observed for initially robust or frail subgroups following integration. Analyses of frailty transitions corroborated selective benefits, with URRBMI integration lowering the risks of worsening frailty among prefrail but no significant reversal of frailty status among those initially frail or prefrail. Discussion China’s URRBMI integration selectively ameliorated frailty progression among rural older adults with prefrail status. Targeting integrated medical insurance policies toward high-risk populations may optimize frailty prevention effects.