Arterial Wall and Tissue Penetration Force With Various Cannulas and Needles

Abstract

Abstract Background Vascular penetration during aesthetic filler injections can cause serious side effects such as skin necrosis and blindness. Objectives The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of cannula brand and gauge on the risk of vascular penetration. Methods The minimal force to penetrate the superficial temporal artery with 3 cannula brands and 1 needle brand in 4 sizes (22, 25, 27, and 30 gauge) was measured in 4 fresh frozen cadavers utilizing a force gauge that measured as low as 0.1 Newtons. Tissue penetration force in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold was measured and compared with retrospective training data in live humans. The arterial penetration test was repeated at a second site on 1 fresh cadaver with 2 different force gauges. Results Significantly lower forces were needed with all size needles vs the same gauge cannulas in all brands to penetrate the cadaveric artery and advance in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold in both cadavers and live humans. To successfully enter the artery in a cadaver with any cannula, numerous attempts were necessary. The tissue penetration force in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold in a cadaver was not significantly different than in a living person; however, it was significantly higher than the arterial penetration force in a dissected cadaver. Conclusions All gauge cannulas (including 27 and 30 gauge), require more force than the same size needle to penetrate an artery. However, it appears that friction coefficient and flexibility, not the arterial penetration force, are the most important factors in keeping the instrument outside the vessel.