Prevalence and Factors Associated With Cryptoccocal Antigenemia Among Patients With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Eastern Uganda: A Facility-Based Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Cryptoccocal infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease (AHD). In resource-limited settings, there is a paucity of data on cryptoccocal infections. We described the prevalence and factors associated with cryptoccocal antigenemia among people with AHD in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Eastern Uganda. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data on sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of adults with AHD were collected, and factors associated with cryptoccocal antigenemia were determined using multivariate logistic regression models. Results We enrolled 228 participants with a median CD4 cell count of 194/µL (interquartile range, 129–370/µL). The prevalence of cryptoccocal antigen was 10 in 228 (4.4% [95% confidence interval, 2.4%–80%]). CD4 cell counts <100/µL (adjusted odds ratio, 3.70) and poultry keeping were risk factors. The main predictors were headaches (adjusted odds ratio, 1), neck pains (8.817), confusion (6.323), and neck stiffness (676.217). No notable significant associations were found in the multivariate analysis Conclusions The prevalence of cryptoccocal antigen was 4.4%, and antiretroviral therapy was protective.