The Governor’s Dilemma develops a general theory of indirect governance based on the tradeoff between governor control and intermediary competence; the empirical chapters apply that theory to a diverse range of cases encompassing both international relations and comparative politics. The theoretical framework paper starts from the observation that virtually all governance is indirect, carried out through intermediaries. But governors in indirect governance relationships face a dilemma: competent intermediaries gain power from the competencies they contribute, making them difficult to control, while efforts to control intermediary behavior limit important intermediary competencies, including expertise, credibility, and legitimacy. Thus, governors can obtain either high intermediary competence or strong control, but not both. The empirical chapters demonstrate that the competence–control tradeoff, and the governor’s dilemma, are common conditions of indirect governance, whether governors are domestic, international, or supranational, democratic or authoritarian; and whether governance addresses economic, security, or social issues. The empirical chapters analyze the operation and implications of the governor’s dilemma in cases involving the governance of violence (e.g. secret police, support for foreign rebel groups, private security companies), the governance of markets (e.g. the Euro crisis, capital markets, EU regulation, the G20), and cross-cutting governance issues (colonial empires, “Trump’s Dilemma”).