Implementation of Case-Based Surveillance and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Monitor Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens in Chad

Author:

Paye Marietou F1,Gamougame Kadidja2,Payamps Sarah K3,Feagins Alicia R3,Moto Daugla Doumagoum4,Moyengar Ronelngar4,Naïbeï Nathan4,Vuong Jeni5,Diallo Alpha Oumar5,Tate Ashley1,Soeters Heidi M5,Wang Xin5,Acyl Mahamat Ali6

Affiliation:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation

2. Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale, N’Djamena, Chad

3. IHRC Inc

4. Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad

5. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

6. Service de Surveillance Épidémiologique Intégrée, Ministère de la Santé Publique, N’Djamena, Chad

Abstract

Abstract Background Meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) was introduced in Chad during 2011–2012. Meningitis surveillance has been conducted nationwide since 2003, with case-based surveillance (CBS) in select districts from 2012. In 2016, the MenAfriNet consortium supported Chad to implement CBS in 4 additional districts and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) at the national reference laboratory (NRL) to improve pathogen detection. We describe analysis of bacterial meningitis cases during 3 periods: pre-MACV (2010–2012), pre-MenAfriNet (2013–2015), and post-MenAfriNet (2016–2018). Methods National surveillance targeted meningitis cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens, inoculated trans-isolate media, and/or isolates from suspected meningitis cases were tested via culture, latex, and/or rt-PCR; confirmed bacterial meningitis was defined by a positive result on any test. We calculated proportion of suspected cases with a specimen received by period, and proportion of specimens with a bacterial meningitis pathogen identified, by period, pathogen, and test. Results The NRL received specimens for 6.8% (876/12813), 46.4% (316/681), and 79.1% (787/995) of suspected meningitis cases in 2010–2012, 2013–2015, and 2016–2018, respectively, with a bacterial meningitis pathogen detected in 33.6% (294/876), 27.8% (88/316), and 33.2% (261/787) of tested specimens. The number of N. meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) among confirmed bacterial meningitis cases decreased from 254 (86.4%) during 2010–2012 to 2 (2.3%) during 2013–2015, with zero NmA cases detected after 2014. In contrast, proportional and absolute increases were seen between 2010–2012, 2013–2015, and 2016–2018 in cases caused by S. pneumoniae (5.1% [15/294], 65.9% [58/88], and 52.1% [136/261]), NmX (0.7% [2/294], 1.1% [1/88], and 22.2% [58/261]), and Hib (0.3% [1/294], 11.4% [10/88], and 14.9% [39/261]). Of specimens received at the NRL, proportions tested during the 3 periods were 47.7% (418), 53.2% (168), and 9.0% (71) by latex; 81.4% (713), 98.4% (311), and 93.9% (739) by culture; and 0.0% (0), 0.0% (0), and 90.5% (712) by rt-PCR, respectively. During the post-MenAfriNet period (2016–2018), 86.1% (678) of confirmed cases were tested by both culture and rt-PCR, with 12.5% (85) and 32.4% (220) positive by culture and rt-PCR, respectively. Conclusions CBS implementation was associated with increased specimen referral. Increased detection of non-NmA cases could reflect changes in incidence or increased sensitivity of case detection with rt-PCR. Continued surveillance with the use of rt-PCR to monitor changing epidemiology could inform the development of effective vaccination strategies.

Funder

MenAfriNet consortium

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Infectious Diseases,Immunology and Allergy

Reference25 articles.

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2. Meningococcal meningitis surveillance in the African meningitis belt, 2004–2013;Lingani;Clin Infect Dis,2015

3. Impact of MenAfriVac in nine countries of the African meningitis belt, 2010-15: an analysis of surveillance data;Trotter;Lancet Infect Dis,2017

4. Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study [corrected];Daugla;Lancet,2014

5. Outbreak of meningitis in the province of Logone occidental (Chad): descriptive study using health ministry data from 1998 to 2001;Garcia;Bull Soc Pathol Exot,2004

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