1. Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Department of Neurological surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
2. Spinal Column Surgical Quality and Outcomes Research Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt Spine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
4. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
5. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
6. Strategic and Operations Analytics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
7. Department of Neurological Surgery, Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina