The relationship between intraflagellar transport and upstream protein trafficking pathways and macrocyclic lactone resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Author:

Brinzer Robert A1,Winter Alan D1,Page Antony P1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow , Scotland G61 1QH , UK

Abstract

Abstract Parasitic nematodes are globally important and place a heavy disease burden on infected humans, crops, and livestock, while commonly administered anthelmintics used for treatment are being rendered ineffective by increasing levels of resistance. It has recently been shown in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that the sensory cilia of the amphid neurons play an important role in resistance toward macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin (an avermectin) and moxidectin (a milbemycin) either through reduced uptake or intertissue signaling pathways. This study interrogated the extent to which ciliary defects relate to macrocyclic lactone resistance and dye-filling defects using a combination of forward genetics and targeted resistance screening approaches and confirmed the importance of intraflagellar transport in this process. This approach also identified the protein trafficking pathways used by the downstream effectors and the components of the ciliary basal body that are required for effector entry into these nonmotile structures. In total, 24 novel C. elegans anthelmintic survival-associated genes were identified in this study. When combined with previously known resistance genes, there are now 46 resistance-associated genes that are directly involved in amphid, cilia, and intraflagellar transport function.

Funder

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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