Prehistoric Numeracy

Abstract

Abstract Two approaches to prehistoric numeracy are analyzed and compared. The first approach uses traditional archaeological methods and criteria to examine and characterize marks on prehistoric artifacts for the purpose of assessing whether they were notations. The second approach uses a theoretical framework in which cognition is extended—meaning that material forms are considered to be an implicit component of the cognitive system—in order to understand the role of counting devices in numerical cognition. Each approach answers different questions. The traditional approach is concerned with understanding the intent and meaning of artifactual marks, while the extended approach focuses on the role of material forms in numerical emergence and elaboration. Both approaches highlight ongoing issues in investigating prehistoric numeracy, which might benefit from a combined and expanded methodology.