The atmospheric fate of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH): spatial patterns, seasonal variability, and deposition to Canadian coastal regions
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Published:2023-09-12
Issue:17
Volume:23
Page:10191-10205
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Oh Jenny, Shunthirasingham ChubashiniORCID, Lei Ying Duan, Zhan Faqiang, Li YueningORCID, Dalpé Castilloux Abigaëlle, Ben Chaaben Amina, Lu ZheORCID, Lee Kelsey, Gobas Frank A. P. C., Eckhardt SabineORCID, Alexandrou Nick, Hung Hayley, Wania FrankORCID
Abstract
Abstract. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that are gradually being phased out are being
replaced by emerging BFRs. Here, we report the concentration of the α- and β-isomers of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane
(TBECH; also known as DBE-DBCH) in over 300 air, water, and precipitation
samples collected between 2019 and 2022 using active air and deposition
sampling as well as networks of passive air and water samplers. The sampling
region includes Canada's most populated cities and areas along the St.
Lawrence River and Estuary, Quebec, as well as around the Salish Sea,
British Columbia. TBECH was detected in over 60 % of air samples at levels
comparable to those of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47).
Concentrations of TBECH and BDE-47 were typically higher in urban areas,
with stronger correlations with population density during warmer
deployments. Uniform α- / β-TBECH ratios across space, time, and
environmental media indicate the highly similar atmospheric fate of the two
isomers. Although TBECH air concentrations were strongly related to
temperature in urban Toronto and a remote site on the east coast, the lack
of such dependence at a remote site on the west coast can be explained by
the small seasonal temperature range and summertime air mass transport from
the Pacific Ocean. Despite there being no evidence that TBECH has been
produced, or imported for use, in Canada, it is now one of the most abundant
gaseous BFRs in the Canadian atmosphere. The recorded spatial and temporal variability of TBECH suggest that its emissions are not constrained to
specific locations but are generally tied to the presence of humans. The
most likely explanation for its environmental occurrence in Canada is the
release from imported consumer products containing TBECH. Chiral analysis
suggests that despite its urban origin, at least some fraction of TBECH has
experienced enantioselective processing, i.e., has volatilized from
reservoirs where it has undergone microbial transformations. Microbial
processes in urban soils and in marine waters may have divergent
enantioselectivity.
Funder
Environment Canada Norges Forskningsråd
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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