Single-institution comparative analysis for odontoid resection: posterior transaxis versus anterior transnasal approach

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The resection of an upwardly migrated odontoid is most widely performed via an anterior endoscopic endonasal approach after the addition of posterior occipitocervical instrumentation. In patients with craniovertebral junction (CVJ) anomalies like basilar invagination (BI), surgery is usually achieved in two separate stages. However, the authors have recently introduced a novel posterior transaxis approach in which all the therapeutic goals of the surgery can be safely and effectively accomplished in a single-stage procedure. The aim of the current study was to compare the widely used anterior and the recently introduced posterior approaches on the basis of objective clinical results in patients who underwent odontoid resection for BI. METHODS Patients with BI who had undergone odontoid resection were retrospectively reviewed in two groups. The first group (n = 7) consisted of patients who underwent anterior odontoidectomy via the standard anterior transnasal route, and the second group (n = 6) included patients in whom the novel transaxis approach was performed. Patient characteristics, neurological conditions, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at admission were evaluated. Operative time, changes in intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, blood loss during surgery, odontoid resection rate, postoperative complications, and mortality were compared between the patient groups. RESULTS Data were retrospectively reviewed for 13 patients who underwent odontoid resection, posterior CVJ decompression, and occipitocervical instrumentation at the Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery between 2009 and 2022. In the first group (n = 7), patients who underwent anterior odontoidectomy via the standard endonasal route, two serious complications were observed, pneumocephaly and basilar artery injury. In the second group (n = 6), patients in whom the novel transaxis approach was performed, only one complication was observed, occipital plate malposition. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the results of what is to the authors’ knowledge the first comparison of a novel approach with a widely used surgical approach to odontoid resection in patients with BI. The preliminary data support the successful utility of the transaxis approach for odontoid resection that meets all the operative therapeutic demands in a single-stage operation. Considering the diminished surgical risks and operative time, the transaxis approach may be regarded as a primary approach for the treatment of BI.