Hydrated Copper Ion Chemistry: Guided Ion Beam and Computational Investigation of Cu2+(H2O)n (n = 7–10) Complexes

Abstract

Cross sections for the threshold collision-induced dissociation of Cu2+(H2O) n, where n = 8–10, are measured using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The primary dissociation pathway is found to be loss of a single water molecule followed by the sequential loss of additional water molecules until n = 8, at which point charge separation to form CuOH+(H2O)4 + H+(H2O)3 is observed to occur at a slightly lower energy than loss of a water molecule. Competition from charge separation prohibits the formation of appreciable amounts of the n = 7 or smaller complexes as reactants in the source. These findings indicate that Cu2+ has a critical size of 8. Analysis of the data using statistical modeling techniques that account for energy distributions and lifetime effects yields primary and sequential bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for loss of one and two water molecules from n = 8–10 complexes as well as the barrier for charge separation from n = 8. More speculative analysis extends the thermochemistry obtained down to n = 5 and 6. Theoretical BDEs are determined from quantum chemical calculations using structures optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level along with the lowest-energy isomers suggested by single point energies at the MP2(full), M06, B3LYP and B3P86 levels of theory using a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. BDEs at 0 K are converted to 298 K thermodynamic values using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation. Experimental and theoretical entropies of activation suggest that a third solvent shell forms at n = 9, in accord with previous findings. The present work represents the first experimentally determined hydration enthalpies for the Cu2+(H2O) n system.