The Importance of Basal Cell Carcinoma Risk Stratification and Potential Future Pathways

Abstract

Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer. Although there are surgical and topical treatments available, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, leading to higher costs. What is needed is an accurate risk assessment of BCC so that treatments can be planned in a patient-centered manner. Objective In this study, we will review the literature about guidelines for the management of BCC and analyze the potential indicators of high-risk BCC. Using this risk assessment approach, we will propose pathways that will be able to optimize treatments more efficiently. Methods This paper presents a perspective from a skin cancer expert and clinic involved in the treatment of both simple and complex cases of BCC. It addresses the key challenges associated with accurate risk stratification prior to any treatment or procedure. Different immunohistochemical and angiogenic markers for high-risk BCC were reviewed in this study. Results The expression of interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and mast cells within BCC correlates with its aggressiveness. Other immunohistochemical markers, such as Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, also play a significant role—Cyclin D1 is higher in the aggressive BCC, while Bcl-2 is lower in the aggressive BCC, compared to the nonaggressive variants. Conclusions Based on our research, we will conclude that using immunohistochemical and angiogenic markers for risk assessment and stratification of BCC can help optimize treatment, ensuring that surgical procedures are used only when necessary.