Nicotine and Tobacco Alkaloid Testing and Challenges

Abstract

Context.— Consequences related to nicotine (NIC) use remain a major health concern, leading to demand for testing to detect NIC, metabolites such as cotinine (COT), and related tobacco alkaloids, including anabasine (ANAB). NIC-related testing is not standardized among laboratories, nor are there clinical or regulatory guidelines to inform decisions such as appropriate screening cutoffs or limits of quantitation. Objective.— To evaluate analytical performance and reporting practices of laboratories that perform NIC-related testing by reviewing participant responses to the Nicotine and Tobacco Alkaloid (NTA) Proficiency Testing Survey. Design.— NTA results were retrieved from 2017 (the first year of the survey) through 2020. Survey participants, methodologies, and results were evaluated for all analytes, and simulated grading was performed for COT. Additional data, including limits of quantitation, qualitative cutoffs, and reasons for testing, were reviewed. Results.— Participant growth was steady for qualitative COT testing. Participation was stable for NIC, ANAB, and quantitative COT testing. Overall, participants performed well on survey challenges. However, reporting thresholds were widely divergent, ranging from 10 to 3000 ng/mL and 0.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively, for qualitative and quantitative COT testing. Screening cutoffs were as high as 100 ng/mL for ANAB and 1000 ng/mL for NIC. Conclusions.— Although participating laboratories performed well on the NTA Survey, the wide diversity of qualitative and quantitative reporting thresholds creates substantial risk for misinterpretation of results, and could lead to analytical concerns such as excessively high false-negative or false-positive rates. NIC-related testing would benefit from evidence-based guidelines to drive standardization of reporting.