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2. Baym, Nina. The Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1976. Print.
3. Brand, Dana. “The Panoramic Spectator in America: A Re-reading of Some of Hawthorne's Sketches.” ATQ: The American Transcendental Quarterly 59 (1986): 5–17. Print.
4. Brown, Gillian. “Hawthorne and Children in the Nineteenth Century: Daughters, Flowers, Stories.” A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Ed. Larry J. Reynolds. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. 79–108. Print.
5. Chindahl, George L. A History of the Circus in America. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1959. Print.