Multi-gene phylogeny and divergence estimations for Evaniidae (Hymenoptera)

Abstract

Ensign wasps (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) develop as predators of cockroach eggs (Blattodea), have a wide distribution and exhibit numerous interesting biological phenomena. The taxonomy of this lineage has been the subject of several recent, intensive efforts, but the lineage lacked a robust phylogeny. In this paper we present a new phylogeny, based on increased taxonomic sampling and data from six molecular markers (mitochondrial16SandCOI, and nuclear markers28S,RPS23,CAD, andAM2), the latter used for the first time in phylogenetic reconstruction. Our intent is to provide a robust phylogeny that will stabilize and facilitate revision of the higher-level classification. We also show the continued utility of molecular motifs, especially the presence of an intron in theRPS23fragments of certain taxa, to diagnose evaniid clades and assist with taxonomic classification. Furthermore, we estimate divergence times among evaniid lineages for the first time, using multiple fossil calibrations. Evaniidae radiated primarily in the Early Cretaceous (134.1–141.1 Mya), with and most extant genera diverging near the K-T boundary. The estimated phylogeny reveals a more robust topology than previous efforts, with the recovery of more monophyletic taxa and better higher-level resolution. The results facilitate a change in ensign wasp taxonomy, withParevania, andPapatuka,syn. nov.becoming junior synonyms ofZeuxevania, andAcanthinevania,syn. nov.being designated as junior synonym ofSzepligetella. We transfer 30 species toZeuxevania, either reestablishing past combinations or as new combinations. We also transfer 20 species fromAcanthinevaniatoSzepligetellaas new combinations.