Potential biomarkers of chronic kidney disease progression among kidney-derived proteins; a review

Abstract

The incidence and mortality rate of kidney disease and its progression to end-stage disease have predominantly increased worldwide. Other morbid conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, are major risk factors for kidney disease. Detection of kidney disease is difficult due to its heterogeneity and complex pathophysiology. Kidney injury and advanced stages of the disease are currently assessed by traditional biomarkers such as serum creatinine, albuminuria, proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Numerous biomarkers derived from the kidney involved in endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory processes and tubular cell damage are potential targets for disease progression management. The review summarized potential biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to improve patient care in various clinical practices with an increased focus on loss of kidney function.