HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF OLDROYD-B AND JEFFERY-WILLIAMSON TERNARY-HYBRID NANOFLUIDS OVER A STRETCHING SHEET IN A POROUS MEDIUM

Abstract

This study investigates the flow of non-Newtonian Oldroyd-B and Jeffrey-Williamson ternary-hybrid nanofluids along a stretching sheet through a porous medium with a magnetic field. The nanofluid comprises titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, and silver dispersed in water. The effects of local thermal nonequilibrium conditions are also considered. The mathematical model for this physical problem consists of a set of nonlinear partial differential equations with boundary conditions, which are solved numerically using MATLAB. The study analyzes the heat transfer properties and flow features under different flow parameters, and the results are presented in tabular form for the Nusselt number of the ternary-hybrid nanofluid and solid, the skin friction coefficient, and the Sherwood number. The numerical examination illustrates the impact of various governing factors on velocity, temperature, and concentration, and the findings are discussed in detail. It is concluded that Jeffrey-Williamson fluid exhibits lower skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers than Oldroyd-B fluid, whereas the maximum value is observed for ternary nanofluids. On the other hand, the base fluid shows the lowest skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers among all types of nanofluids.