1. 1. Reaven, G.M. 1988. Banting Lecture: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–607. Maternal Risks Associated with Gestational Diabetes Offspring Risks Associated with Gestational Diabetes Short term • Hypertensive disorders including gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia • Operative vaginal delivery and episiotomy • Caesarean delivery Long term • Type 2 diabetes • Metabolic syndrome including hypertension • Cardiovascular disease Foetal • Macrosomia • Intra-partum traumatic lesions and asphyxia • Birth trauma: shoulder dystocia, bone fractures, brachial plexus injury • Stillbirth due to possible congenital malformations, respiratory distress syndrome, extreme prematurity, metabolic acidosis Neonatal Short term • Hypoglycemia • Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice • Polycythemia • Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia Long term - possible • Type 2 diabetes • Obesity • Metabolic syndrome including hypertension • Cardiovascular disease n o t e t h e s t r o n g s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e l o n g t e r m c o m p l i c a t i o n s