Traditional Approaches and Innovative Strategies in Laboratory Animal Models for Cancer Research: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Cancer remains one of the foremost challenges in medical research, necessitating diverse and sophisticated models to understand its complexity and develop effective treatments. This review explores the evolution and utility of experimental cancer models, highlighting their pivotal role in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical application. From the traditional use of xenografts, which provide a direct avenue for studying tumor growth and drug response in a living organism, to the innovative approaches of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that replicate human cancer's genetic and phenotypic traits, each model offers unique insights into cancer biology. Recent advances have introduced organoid models, offering a three-dimensional perspective that closely mimics the tumor's microenvironment, and computational models, which leverage patient-specific data to predict disease progression and treatment outcomes. These models enhance our understanding of cancer's molecular drivers, facilitate the development of targeted therapies, and underscore the importance of personalized medicine in oncology. Despite the diversity and potential of these experimental models, challenges remain, including the replication of the tumor's complexity and the integration of immune system interactions. Future research is directed toward refining these models, improving their predictive accuracy, and combining their strengths to offer a holistic view of cancer biology and treatment.