1. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama-shi, Japan.
2. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan.
3. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan.
4. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
5. Department of Real-World Evidence, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
6. Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.