Inhalation of Spray-Dried Extract of <i>Salvia rosmarinus Spenn</i> Alleviates Lung Inflammatory, Oxidative, and Remodeling Changes in Asthmatic Rats

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> For centuries, <i>Salvia rosmarinus Spenn</i> has been applied as folk medicine to cure different diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antitumor effects. To find bioactive medicinal herbs exerting a protective effect on airway inflammation and remodeling, we assessed the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous spray-dried extract of <i>Salvia rosmarinus Spenn</i>. (rosemary) in an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic rat model. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Rats were randomly divided into normal control (control), asthma, asthma+rosemary extract (RE) (13 mg/kg), asthma+RE (50 mg/kg), and asthma+budesonide groups. After 50 days, animals were anesthetized, and then blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were collected for subsequent serological and pathological studies. Histopathology of lung tissues was evaluated by H&amp;E staining. The oxidative stress parameters and airway inflammation factors in BALF and lung tissue were explored. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Using thin layer chromatography, the presence of rosmarinic acid was confirmed in aqueous extract of rosemary. Furthermore, RE markedly decreased immunoglobulin E levels (50 mg/kg; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 vs. asthma group) and inflammatory cytokines (50 mg/kg; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 vs. asthma group) and increased antioxidant enzymes (50 mg/kg, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 vs. asthma group). Furthermore, RE at a concentration of 50 mg/kg obviously reduced the number of inflammatory cells, goblet cells, and pathological changes compared to the asthma group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The results showed that RE administration might prevent or alleviate allergic asthma-related pathological change, probably via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.