Ureaplasma-Driven Neuroinflammation in Neonates: Assembling the Puzzle Pieces

Abstract

<i>Ureaplasma</i> species (spp.) are commonly regarded as low-virulence colonizers of the genitourinary tract. Intrauterine <i>Ureaplasma</i> infection, however, has been associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm birth. The overall impact of a neonatal <i>Ureaplasma</i> colonization is yet to be understood. High pathogen prevalence and frequent neurological morbidities particularly in immature preterm infants call for an assessment of the significance of <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. in neonatal neuroinflammation. This narrative review summarizes clinical data, animal studies, and <i>in vitro</i> results to elucidate potential <i>Ureaplasma</i>-associated neurological morbidities as well as underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates an involvement of <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. in invasive central nervous system infections, suggesting a meticulous ability of <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. to interfere with immune defense mechanisms. Ultimately, <i>Ureaplasma</i> spp. should be considered as relevant pathogens in neonatal neuroinflammation.