p38 and ERK1/2-Dependent Activation of c-Jun Is Required for the Downregulation of Oxidative Stress-Induced ERα in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

Abstract

Introduction: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays important roles in the female fertility. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERα present in the astrocytes of the hypothalamus region is essential for production of GnRH. The astrocytes display age-related senescence associated to oxidative stress induced by the estrogen metabolites. However, it is still unclear whether and how ERα expression changes during astrocyte aging. Methods: Immunofluorescence was performed to analyze the ERα gene levels in hypothalamic astrocytes of naturally aging C57BL/6J female mice. We employed an oxidative stress cell model receiving 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OH-E2) intervention to confirm the downregulation of ERα expression in primary astrocytes. Western blot analysis was used to explore which oxidative stress signaling pathways induced loss of the ERα gene. Finally, ChIP-qPCR was employed to evaluate whether the c-Jun protein is able to regulate ERα gene expression. Results: Compared to young mice, we found that the ERα expression of mid-aged mice was significantly decreased. In hypothalamic astrocytes, 2OH-E2 treatment significantly reduced the expression of the ERα gene. Moreover, we observed that transcription factor c-Jun could directly inhibit transcriptional ERα gene expression and might also reduce it by decreasing H3K27 acetylation at promoter regions. Administration of the antioxidants Rg1 and astaxanthin significantly attenuated the decrease in ERα gene expression induced by oxidative stress. Conclusions: The current data demonstrate that oxidative stress leads to loss of ERα involving the activation of the p38 and ERK1/2 pathways and the induction of the c-Jun protein in hypothalamic astrocytes. C-Jun protein regulates ERα gene expression via direct transcriptional repression or involving histone acetylation modifications at ERα gene promoter sites.